Anomie, irritation, and happiness in the Chilean society post-social outbreak.

On 18 October 2019, the Chilean people witnessed an unprecedented social outbreak across most of their country. We argue that a state of anomie is a factor associated with the weakening of states, and an anomic state might negatively influence people's well-being through an increased feeling of irritation. Convenience recruitment via social networks allowed us to form a sample of 194 Chilean participants from the center-south region of the country (M = 36.53 years old, SD = 17.48; 56.7% women). All participants completed testing instruments to measure anomie, irritation, happiness, and political beliefs. Descriptive scores suggest situating Chile in the quadrant of high anomie. Two mediation analyses were conducted. The main results showed a negative indirect effect of the breakdown of the social fabric and leadership on happiness through irritation, although the findings for the former dimension were more robust. Additionally, the breakdown of the social fabric was positively related to the belief that left and right-wing democratic governments are helpless when it comes to fighting delinquency. The breakdown of leadership, on the other hand, was negatively related to political interest. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of the sample type and the construction validity of some instruments.

Yes! Maximizers Maximize Almost Everything: The Decision-Making Style Is Consistent in Different Decision Domains.

The decision-making literature distinguishes one maximizing style from another satisficing decision-making style, but it is unknown whether these styles remain stable or are variable depending on the occasion. One way to approach it is to verify eventual generalization of these styles in behavior of people in different decision domains. Some incipient results with University students from the United States and Austria suggest that these styles would remain in three different domains. However, it is unknown if this is the case in adults, other cultures, or vital areas of great relevance, such as health and personal finances. The objective here is to identify if Chilean Latin American participants of different sex and age maintain their decision-making style in five different decision domains. The sample was 343 volunteers, 52.6% men, from two regions of central-southern Chile (Maule and Ñuble), aged between 20 and 90 years (M = 45.47; SD = 16.05), who answered the Maximization Tendency Scale, and 45 items corresponding to five different decision domains: health, life decision, finances, services and experiences, and consumer's good. An apparent coherence of decision-making style-maximizing and satisficing-was obtained in the five domains. The health domain stands out for being the one in which it is maximized and with greater internal homogeneity.

Sleep problems are related to commuting accidents rather than to workplace accidents.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify the relationships between sleep problems and both commuting and workplace accidents in workers of both sexes. METHODS: The study was carried out with a sample of workers (n = 2993; 50.2% female) from the Chilean Quality of Life Survey (ENCAVI) 2015-2016, while the rates of both workplace and commuting accidents were extracted from the statistics of the Superintendence of Social Security (SUSESO 2015; 180,036 and 52,629 lost-time accidents, respectively). RESULTS: Chilean workers sleep less than the rest of the people in the country (MW = 7.14 vs. MO = 7.33; t (6789) = - 5.19; p < .001), while the Chilean people as a whole sleep less compared to those of other countries (7.24 h per day). Likewise, it was found that sleep problems are more strongly related to commuting than to workplace accidents. In this vein, sleep quantity can explain 24% of the variance in commuting accidents' rates (Stepwise Method; R2 = .30, F (1.14) = 5.49, p < .05; ß = -.55, p < .05), by using aggregated data with all types of commuting roles (driver of a vehicle, a passenger of public or private transport, or as a pedestrian). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that sleep quantity has a more robust relationship with commuting than workplace accidents, a neglected issue so far. Future prevention programs should emphasize sleep hygiene and focus on commuting to and from work.

New approaches to maximization: evidence of correlations with malaise and well-being in the chilean adult population / Nuevos enfoques de maximización: evidencia de correlaciones con malestar y bienestar en población chilena adulta

Abstract There is a lack of theoretical consensus about the decision-making process and particularly regarding the maximization construct. Recently, two conceptual approaches to maximization and their respective instruments were proposed. The first defines maximization as consisting of two dimensions, goal and strategy. The second differentiates between the two types of maximization according to the way an individual makes decisions, one is resolute and the other is fearful. Regarding the first approach, empirical goal and strategy relationships with emotional consequences on well-being and discomfort are unknown while deciding, while it is doubt whether the distinction proposed in the second approach also applies to the adult population and in contexts different from the European one. Empirical associations are evaluated here for each approach regarding indicators of malaise and well-being through a set of hypotheses. A sample of 624 Chilean adults of both sexes (20 to 70 years old) answered eight instruments on maximization, its components and types, and well-being and malaise. The results for both approaches show greater associations with rates of malaise than well-being. The results for the first approach show a more intense association with indices of malaise and well-being for strategy than goal. In the second approach, these associations are stronger and greater for fearful maximization than for resolute. The results contribute by increasing the understanding of the maximization construct by simultaneously showing that the increment in the strategy search for alternatives and the fearful style of maximization are directly associated with difficulty in deciding and regret.

Resumen Existe carencia de consenso teórico acerca del proceso de tomar decisiones y particularmente respecto del constructo maximización. Recientemente, se propuso dos enfoques conceptuales sobre maximización y sus respectivos instrumentos de evaluación. El primero considera que el concepto de maximización está constituido por dos dimensiones, meta y estrategia. El segundo diferencia entre dos tipos de maximización según el modo de decidir de un individuo, uno resuelto y otro temeroso. Respecto del primer enfoque se desconocen eventuales relaciones empíricas de meta y estrategia con consecuencias emocionales sobre el bienestar y malestar mientras se decide, mientras existe la duda si la distinción propuesta en el segundo enfoque se aplica también a población de adultos y en contextos diferentes al europeo. En el presente trabajo son evaluadas asociaciones empíricas para cada enfoque respecto de indicadores de malestar y bienestar mediante un conjunto de hipótesis. Una muestra de 624 adultos chilenos de ambos sexos (20 a 70 años) respondió ocho instrumentos sobre maximización, sus componentes y sus tipos, y su bienestar y malestar. Los resultados para ambos enfoques muestran asociaciones mayores con índices de malestar que de bienestar. Los resultados para el primer enfoque muestran asociación con índices de malestar y bienestar más intensos para la dimensión de estrategia que la de meta. En el segundo enfoque estas asociaciones son fuertes y mayores para el tipo de maximización temerosa que para resuelta. Los resultados contribuyen a incrementar la comprensión del constructo de maximización, al mostrar simultáneamente que el aumento en la estrategia de búsqueda de alternativas y el estilo temeroso de maximización, se asocian directamente con dificultad para decidir y con experimentar pesar.

Membership, Neighborhood Social Identification, Well-Being, and Health for the Elderly in Chile.

The world's elderly population is growing, and in Chile they represent 16.2% of the total population. In Chile, old age is marked by retirement, with a dramatic decrease in income that brings precariousness. Older adults are economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable populations. This condition increases their likelihood of disengaging from their usual social environment, facilitating their isolation, sadness, and discomfort. From the perspective of social identity, well-being (WB) can be explained by two principles: social groups' importance for health and people's psychological identification with those groups. This study analyzes the relationships between belonging to the neighborhood and extra-neighborhood groups and neighborhood social identification with WB. Urban or rural location and gender are measured, and the sample is 1,475 older Chilean adults of both sexes. The results show that the majority are not members of social groups (52%), and the remaining 48% are members of one or two groups or organizations (42.65%). Only 4.47% belong to three groups or organizations. Those who belong to groups obtain higher scores, emotional-mental WB, and positive emotions than older adults who do not belong to any organization. Urban and rural older adults have the same level of WB. Membership in close social organizations (neighborhood councils) or distant ones (clubs for the elderly and religious groups) causes different WB associations. Membership in neighborhood councils reduces gender differences in self-assessment of health. This result supports the idea that participation in heterogeneous groups with a shared sense of belonging to the neighborhood is associated with higher WB and lower perceived loneliness. Social identification with the neighborhood, rather than belonging to the group, had the most widespread impact on WB and health indicators. The variable social identification with the neighborhood was consistently associated with indicators of hedonic WB.

Hacia la validación del SUSESO ISTAS 21 versión breve en trabajadores de hospitales públicos / Towards the validation of the SUSESO ISTAS 21 short version in workers of public hospitals

Resumen La mitad de la población mundial son trabajadores, por lo que invertir en políticas de salud hacia ellos es muy relevante. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (oms) insta a los estados miembros a generar planes de salud ocupacional evaluables para promover el bienestar de los trabajadores, para lo cual se requiere contar con instrumentos adecuados. Se estudian aquí propiedades psicométricas del instrumento para evaluar riesgo psicosocial SUSESO-ISTAS 21 versión breve (20 ítems), aplicado a 341 trabajadores hospitalarios (región del Maule, Chile), conjuntamente con la DASS21 (Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés). La confiabilidad general es adecuada, reafirmando informes previos. Respecto de validez, cuatro de las cinco dimensiones de la versión breve no alcanzan valores psicométricos adecuados, no confirmándose la estructura factorial teorizada. Se obtiene apoyo a la validez convergente con DASS21. Se discute y propone acerca de lo psicométrico y sus usos eventuales.

Abstract Workers represent half of the world's population, so investing in public health policies aimed at them has enormous importance. The World Health Organization (who) urges member states to generate assessable occupational health plans that promote their wellbeing. The study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of ISTAS-SUSESO 21 short version (20 items), which is an instrument for assessing psychosocial risk developed for Chile. We performed reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation model and convergent validity analysis with the DASS21 Scale (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) using a sample of 341 hospital employees in the region of Maule (Chile). Overall reliability is adequate, reaffirming previous reports. Regarding validity, four of five dimensions of the short version does not reach adequate psychometric values, and theorized factorial structure is not confirmed. We found support for convergent validity with DASS 21, and discussed the psychometric and its possible uses.

Escala de felicidad para adultos (EFPA) / Happines scale for adults (EFPA)

Estudiar la felicidad psicométricamente es reciente, y los escasos instrumentos disponibles son de raíz inglesa. Felicidad es un concepto no consensuado aún, típicamente medido como unidimensional, mediante pocos ítems directos, y generalmente sin especificarse qué lo constituye. En el Estudio 1 y basados en un concepto pentadimensional y emic de felicidad, fue construida una escala de 100 ítem para medirla en adultos chilenos. Aplicada a diferentes muestras (n=68; n=277) y mediante análisis factorial exploratorio fue depurada, dando origen a la Escala de Felicidad Para Adultos (EFPA) con 21 ítem de buena confiabilidad y validez, distribuidos en cuatro dimensiones: estado psicológico, tener familia, orientación de logro y optimismo. En un Estudio 2 fue realizada una validación cruzada de la EFPA en una nueva muestra de adultos (n=341), y mediante análisis paralelo y ecuaciones estructurales se probó diferentes modelos, confirmándose uno de cuatro y otro de tres dimensiones, optándose por éste último: estado, tener familia y orientación de logro

Studying happiness psychometrically is recent, and the few available instruments are English rooted. Happiness is a concept that hasn't reached to an agreement yet, typically measured as unidimensional, through a few direct items, and usually not specifying what constitutes it. In study 1, and based on a pentadimensional and emic concept of happiness, a 100 items scale was built to measure it among Chilean adults. It was applied to different samples (n=68; n=277) and refined through exploratory factor analysis, giving origin to the Happiness Scale for Adults (EFPA) -composed by 21 items- with good reliability and validity, distributed among four dimensions: psychological state, having family, achievement orientation and optimism. In study 2, the EFPA crossed validity was carried out with a new sample of adults (n=341), and through parallel analysis and structural equation modelling various models were tested, being confirmed one of 4 and other of 3 dimensions, keeping the later: state, having family and achievement orientation.

Afrontamiento, salud mental y felicidad bajo huelga y ocupación universitaria / Enfrentamento, saúde mental e felicidade sob greve e ocupação da universidade / ScriptCoping, mental health and happiness under strike and university occupation

Se identificó la relación entre estrategias de enfrentamiento, salud mental (SM) y felicidad en trabajadores de una universidad en huelga y ocupación estudiantil, de acuerdo con status laboral - académico o administrativo-, grado de concordancia con el movimiento estudiantil y sexo. Ciento sesenta y dos participantes respondieron a la Escala de felicidad subjetiva y estrategias de enfrentamiento, y a la Escala de Goldberg (GHQ12). Obtuvimos y discutimos: 1) el uso del humor está asociado con SM y la felicidad y ésta, a la reevaluación cognitiva, enfrentamiento religioso y bajo enfrentamiento de evitación, 2) mayor malestar por la ocupación - peor SM, 3) no tener acceso a el espacio de trabajo está asociado con peor SM, más con iguales niveles de felicidad que los que tuvieron acceso, 4) el enfrentamiento varía de acuerdo con el status de académico o administrativo y con el sexo, 5) SM y felicidad no varían de acuerdo con el status académico, 6) aquellos que son pro-movimiento estudiantil presentan mejor SM que aquellos que no lo son

Identificamos a relação entre estratégias de enfrentamento, saúde mental (SM) e felicidade em trabalhadores de uma universidade em greve e com ocupação estudantil, de acordo com: o status laboral (acadêmico ou administrativo), o grau de concordância com o movimento estudantil e o sexo. Cento e sessenta e dois participantes responderam à Escala de felicidade subjetiva e estratégias de enfrentamento, e à Escala de Goldberg (GHQ12). Obtivemos e discutimos: 1) o uso de humor está associado à SM e à felicidade e esta, à reavaliação cognitiva, ao enfrentamento religioso e ao baixo enfrentamento de evitação; 2) quanto maior o mal-estar pela ocupação, pior a SM; 3) não ter acesso ao espaço de trabalho está associado com pior SM, mas com iguais níveis de felicidade do que aqueles que tiveram acesso; 4) o enfrentamento varia de acordo com o status de acadêmico ou administrativo e com o sexo; 5) SM e felicidade não variam de acordo com o status acadêmico, 6) aqueles que são pró-movimento estudantil apresentam melhor SM do que aqueles que não são o são

We identify the relationship between coping strategies, mental health (MH) and happiness in university workers during a student's strike-campus occupation, according to the status or role -academic or administrative- , degree of agreement to the social movement claims and gender. One hundred sixty-two participants responded the Coping Strategies and Subjective Happiness Scale, and to the Goldberg GHQ12 Scale. It was obtained and discussed that: 1) the use of humor was related with MH, and this was related to happiness, cognitive reprocessing, religious coping and low avoiding coping; 2) the greater discomfort caused by the occupation of campus the lower MH level; 3) those who had no access to their offices, have worse MH than those who did have access, with equal levels of happiness; 4) coping strategies change according role and gender; 5) there is no differences between role types according to MH or happiness, 6) those who are pro social movement have better MH than those who are not

Propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario para medir estrategias de aumento de la felicidad (HIS) en versión castellana (CEA-EAP) / Psychometric properties of the questionnaire to measure strategies to increase happiness (HIS) in Spanish version (CEA-EAP)

Se adaptó al contexto chileno la escala de Incremento de la Felicidad (HIS, de Tkach y Lyubomirsky, 2006) para medir estrategias conductuales de incremento de la felicidad, con el nombre de cuestionario de estrategias para aumentar los estados de Ánimo positivos (CEA-EAP) con 44 ítems en formato Likert de 4 puntos. Este, junto con la EFS (Lyubomirsky y Lepper 1999) fue respondido por 443 estudiantes universitarios (Cronbach global de .80), quienes se autoclasificaron como extra o introvertidos. El ANAFAC mostró una estructura diferente a la original de ocho factores y mayoritariamente con buena confiabilidad. Las estrategias de control mental y auto-cuidado o reevaluación positiva y reorientación positiva de la atención, las de sociabilización recreativa o festejar y, en menor medida pero también otras tres diferentes estrategias, se asociaron a felicidad (EFS), y a la autoclasificación de extrovertido. Ocio pasivo se asoció a introversión y no tuvo relación con la EFS.

The scale of happiness increase (HIS, of Tkach and Lyubomirsky, 2006) to measure behavioural strategies of increased happiness, was adapted to the chilean context with the name of questionnaire of strategies to increase positive moods (CEA-EAP), with 44 items in 4-point Likert format. This, together with the EFS (Lyubomirsky y Lepper 1999) was answered by 443 undergraduates (global Cronbach's alpha =.80), who self-rated as extra or Introverted. The ANAFAC showed an 8 factors structure -mostly with good reliability- that differed from the original. The strategies of mental and self-care control or positive re-evaluation and positive reorientation of attention, the recreational socialization or celebrate and, to a lesser extent but also other three different strategies were associated with happiness (EFS), and to the self-rating of Extrovert. passive leisure was associated with introversion and had no relationship with the EFS.

Una experiencia de intervención psicosocial en cultura positiva de seguridad en una empresa productiva chilena / An experience of psychosocial intervention in positive safety culture in a Chilean production company

La reducción de la accidentalidad y la búsqueda de conductas seguras en el trabajo suponen logros apreciados por las organizaciones hoy en día. Aquí se reporta una experiencia de intervención en una empresa productiva chilena desde el Modelo de Cultura Positiva hacia la Seguridad (MCPS), el cual entiende la cultura organizacional como compuesta por dos componentes principales: el clima de seguridad y el sistema de gestión de la seguridad y salud laboral. 435 trabajadores que participaron del proceso de intervención de11 meses fueron evaluados -antes y después de la intervención- en términos de su compromiso organizacional, satisfacción laboral y cultura positiva hacia la Seguridad (228 durante el pre-test y 207 durante el pos-test). Los resultados indican que la intervención tuvo efectos positivos para cada una de las variables aumentando la mayoría de sus puntuaciones en el pos-test. Asimismo, se observa una reducción en la etapa pos-intervención en cuanto a la frecuencia de accidentes registrados mensualmente en la empresa. Se analizan y contrastan estos resultados con la literatura sobre el tema.

The reduction in the accident and search for safe behavior at work involve achievements appreciated by organizations today. Here an experience of intervention in a Chilean productive enterprise is reported from the Model Positive Safety Culture at (MCPS), which means the organizational culture as composed of two main components: the climate of safety and safety management system and occupational health. 435 workers who participated in the 11 month intervention process were evaluated -before and after the intervention-in terms of their organizational commitment, job satisfaction and positive culture towards Safety (228 during the pre-test and 207 in the post-test). The results indicate that the intervention had positive effects for each of the variables increasing most of their scores on the posttest. Also, a reduction is observed in the post-intervention phase in the frequency of accidents recorded monthly in the company. We analyze and contrast these results with the literature on the subject.

Comportamiento juvenil universitario en busca de la felicidad: su caracterización y su eficacia / Youth Behavior in College to Search of Happiness: Characterization and Effectiveness

Se busca determinar qué comportamientos realizan los jóvenes para procurarse estados de felicidad y su eficacia en ello. Participan 433 estudiantes universitarios respondiendo un cuestionario (CCPF), para medir la frecuencia y eficacia de las conductas emitidas para procurarse felicidad, y la Escala de Felicidad Subjetiva de Lyubomirsky y Lepper, controlándose las variables sexo, religión y personalidad autoadscrita. Se observan niveles moderados de felicidad, sin registrarse diferencias según sexo, religión o personalidad autoadscrita. Los jóvenes desarrollan frecuentemente conductas para aumentar la felicidad -las mujeres más que los hombres- que resultan moderadamente eficaces. Las mujeres realizan más actividades de afiliación, religiosas y de ocio pasivo, y los hombres, más físicas y de metas instrumentales. La frecuencia y la eficacia de las conductas realizadas para aumentar la felicidad predicen de forma significativa y positiva las puntuaciones de felicidad. Los puntajes más altos de felicidad corresponden a quienes se autoclasifican como extrovertidos.

It seeks to determine what behaviors are performed to get happiness and his efficiency. We evaluated 433 college students who completed a questionnaire (CCPF) constructed to measure the frequency and efficiency of conduct issued to increase happiness, and Subjective Happiness Scale of Lyubomirsky and Lepper, controlling the variables sex, religion and self-ascribed personality. In general, there is moderate levels of happiness without registering differences in this according to sex, religion or self-ascribed personality. The students frequently perform behaviors to increase happiness -women more than men - and are reported as moderately effective. Women perform more activities of affiliation, religious and passive leisure, and men more physical activities and related to instrumental goals. The frequency and effectiveness of actions carried out to increase the happiness predict significant and positively happiness scores. Higher happiness scores correspond to those who classify themselves as extroverts.

Aportaciones a las ciencias de la salud: el comportamiento peatonal arriesgado de chilenos y brasileros / Contributions to the health sciences: the risky pedestrian behavior of chileans and brazilians

Los peatones son causantes y víctimas de accidentes de tránsito en el mundo y muy especialmente en América latina. Un modelo de comportamiento riesgoso en conductores es aplicado a peatones en dos países del Cono Sur de América: Brasil con la mayor tasa de mortalidad por accidentes de tránsito, y Chile, la menor. Una muestra accidental -463 participantes, 223 chilenos y 240 brasileros, de 17 a 40 años de edad- respondió la Escala de Comportamiento Peatonal controlándose sexo, edad, licencia de conducir y participación en accidentes de tránsito. Contribuyendo a explicar la contrastante mortalidad, los chilenos realizan significativamente menos transgresiones, ligeramente menos errores y lapsus al transitar por la ciudad, que los brasileños. Los hombres de ambos países son más transgresores que las mujeres. Se discute la utilidad del modelo utilizado y de los resultados, entregándose algunas recomendaciones para la salud pública en este ámbito.

Pedestrians are causative and victims of traffic accidents in the world and very especially in Latin America. A model originally built for drivers risk behavior is applied to pedestrians in two contrasting countries in the Southern Cone of America: Brazil has the highest mortality rate for traffic accidents and Chile the lowest. An accidental sample -463 participants, 223 Chileans and 240 Brazilians of 17 to 40 years of age-, answered an instrument containing the scale of pedestrian behavior (ECP, 1999) and information relating to sex, age, licensed drivers and participation in traffic accidents was collected. Contributing to explain the contrasting mortality, Chileans reported to perform significantly less pedestrian's transgressions, fewer errors and lapses than Brazilian pedestrians. Men in both countries are more transgressors than women. We discuss the utility and the results of the model used giving some recommendations for public health in this area.

Environmental attitudes and behaviors of college students: a case study conducted at a chilean university / Actitudes y comportamientos ambientales de estudiantes universitarios: estudio de caso de una universidad chilena

Abstract Encouraging the adoption of a pro-environmental behavior is critical in order to reduce the environmental impacts and to move toward a more sustainable future. Higher education plays an important role in training professionals who have an important role in protecting the environment in the future. The aim of this study is to identify whether there are significant differences between college students depending on their diploma of specialization, related to the environment or not, the year in which they are studying and gender. The sample consisted of 383 engineering students in first, third and sixth year, with two instruments designed to measure environmental attitudes and behaviors. Significant differences were found between students pursuing diplomas related to the environment and those who are not. Otherwise, no significant differences were observed between students enrolled in different levels. Perceived effort, positive environmental attitude or perceived positive consequents predict the frequency of pro-environmental behaviors in students, the former (perceived effort, negative) being the most influential variable.

Resumen Alentar la adopción de comportamientos pro-ambientales es crítico para reducir impactos ambientales y encaminarse hacia un futuro sustentable. La educación superior es relevante para la formación de profesionales que jugarán un rol central en la protección del ambiente. El propósito del presente estudio es identificar si hay diferencias en comportamientos pro-ambientales entre los estudiantes universitarios dependiendo de su diploma de especialización (si ambiental o no), nivel de estudios y género. La muestra incluye a 383 estudiantes de ingeniería que cursan 1, 3 y 6 años, quienes respondieron instrumentos para medir actitudes y comportamientos pro-ambientales. Se observan diferencias significativas entre quienes cursan diplomas de especialización de tipo ambiental respecto de los otros. No hay diferencias según el año o nivel de estudios. El esfuerzo percibido para la realización de comportamientos pro-ambientales, las actitudes pro-ambientales positivas y la percepción de consecuencias positivas por la realización de aquellos, predicen la realización de comportamientos pro-ambientales, donde el esfuerzo percibido es la variable de mayor influencia.

Empleados y desempleados, atribuciones causales y bienestar subjetivo / Empregados e desempregados: atribuições causais e bem-estar subjetivo / Employees and unemployed, causal attributions and subjective well-being

Se analiza la relación del desempleo con el bienestar subjetivo (BS) y el estilo atribucional en una muestra de 200 participantes (100 desempleados) equirepartidos por sexo, de 36 años de edad promedio, que completó 4 instrumentos, controlándose algunas variables socio-demográficas. Los desempleados presentan menor BS (Us≥3,607; Zs≥ -3,409; ps≤0,039) y un estilo atribucional con locus de causalidad externo, inestable y de bajo control (Us≥1332; Zs≥ -8,985; ps≤0,01). Desempleados hombres y mujeres tienen menor nivel de satisfacción vital (SV) que sus pares empleados (Mmujeres= 21,38 vs.24,66; Mhombres= 22,82 vs. 26,10; Us ≥891; Zs ≥-2,479; ps≤ 0,017), pero presentan un mismo nivel de felicidad (Us ≤1036,500; Zs ≤-1,480; ps ≥1,150), lo que genera preguntas para futuros estudios acerca de felicidad vs. SV en ámbitos de vida desfavorables. Los grupos difieren al explicarse el desempleo (χ2 (1) = 8,970; p<0,05). Se discute los resultados y algunas conjeturas explicativas de lo obtenido.

Analisa-se a relação do desemprego com o bem-estar subjetivo (BS) e o estilo atribucional em uma amostra de 200 participantes (100 desempregados) equirrepartidos por sexo, com média de 36 anos, que completou 4 instrumentos, controlando-se algumas variáveis sociodemográficas. Os desempregados apresentam menor BS (Us≥3,607; Zs≥ -3,409; ps≤0,039) e um estilo atribucional com locus de causalidade externo, instável e de baixo controle (Us≥1332; Zs≥ -8,985; ps≤0,01). Mulheres e homens desempregados têm menores níveis de satisfação com a vida (SV) que seus pares empregados (Mmulheres = 21,38 vs. 24,66; Mhomens = 22,82 vs. 26,10; Us ≥891; Zs ≥-2,479; ps≤ 0,017), mas apresentam o mesmo nível de felicidade (Us ≤1036,500; Zs ≤-1,480; ps ≥1,150), gerando questões para futuros estudos sobre felicidade versus SV em áreas desfavoráveis da vida. Os grupos diferem ao se explicar o desemprego (χ2 (1) = 8,970; p<0,05). Discutem-se os resultados e algumas conjecturas explicativas do que foi obtido.

We analyze the relationship of unemployment, subjective well-being (SWB) and attribution style. Two hundred participants (100 of them unemployed; M= 36 years), equally distributed by sex, completed 4 instruments. Unemployed people have less SWB than the workers (Us≥3.607; Zs≥ -3.409; ps≤0.039) and an attribution style with an external, unstable and less controllable locus (Us≥1332; Zs≥ -8.985; ps≤0.01). Unemployed men and women have lower levels of life satisfaction (LS) than their employed counterparts (Mwoman 21.38 vs. 24.66; Mmen 22.82 vs. 26.10; Us ≥891; ZS ≥-2, 479; PS≤ 0.017), but have the same level of happiness (Us ≤1036, 500; ZS ≤-1, 480; PS ≥1, 150). This last result raises questions for future studies about happiness vs. LS in unfavorable life situations or domains. Also, both groups give different explanations to unemployment (χ² (1) = 8.970; p<0.05). Results and some explanatory conjectures are discussed.

Bienestar subjetivo en maximizadores y satisfacedores / Subjective well being in maximizers and satisfecers

El propósito aquí es evaluar una tendencia decisional cuyos polos son la simple satisfacción hasta la maximización, y sus efectos eventuales sobre el bienestar subjetivo (B.S.), en sus componentes afectivo (felicidad) y cognitivo (satisfacción vital). Una muestra de 209 estudiantes de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de Talca, respondió un cuestionario con cuatro instrumentos para medir maximización-satisfacción y B.S. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre los participantes para el componente cognitivo -satisfacción vital- del B.S., donde quienes son satisfacedores tienen una mejor valoración de sus vidas que los maximizadores (t[194] = 3.28, p < .05). También se encuentra una relación positiva entre la maximización y el pesar (r = .393). Se discuten estos resultados en relación a los hallazgos obtenidos internacionalmente y a algunas características de la sociedad chilena.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the decision making using maximal and satisficing approaches and their effects on subjective well-being, according to its emotional component (happiness) and its cognitive dimension (satisfaction with the life). A total of 209 undergraduate students answered four questionnaires to asses maximization, satisfaction, regret and subjective well-being. The result shows that there are significant differences between maximizers and satisficers as for the subjective well-being just in its cognitive component of vital satisfaction. The satisficers presents a better evaluation of their lives than the maximizers (t[194] = 3.28, p < .05) Finally a positive relation was found between maximizers and the tendency to express regret (r= .393). These finds are discussed in based to internationally ones.

Red semántica de terremoto y maremoto en personas expuestas directa y vicariamente / Rede semântica de terremoto e tsunami em pessoas expostas diretamente e vicariamente / Semantic networks of earthquake and tsunami in people exposed directly and vicariously

Se busca identificar el significado de los conceptos 'terremoto' y 'maremoto' en dos grupos diferentemente expuestos al evento acaecido en Chile el 27/02/2010, en una muestra no probabilística intencional, compuesta por 240 personas provenientes de las ciudades de Constitución (n=104) - expuestas directamente al terremoto y maremoto -, y de Punta Arenas (n=136) expuestas vicariamente. Mediante redes semánticas naturales (R.S.) construidas ad-hoc, fue observado que terremoto y tsunami tienen significados semejantes, relacionados al miedo, muerte, destrucción, desesperación, desastre, pérdida, angustia, tristeza, pena, dolor y pánico. Adicionalmente, aquellos que vivieron directamente el fenómeno utilizan más definidoras de tipo emocional al definir terremoto que aquellos que fueron expuestos a él de modo vicario.(AU)

Procurou-se identificar o significado dos conceitos 'terremoto' e 'tsunami' em dois grupos diferentemente expostos ao evento acontecido no Chile em 27/02/2010, em uma amostra não-probabilística intencional, composta por 240 pessoas provenientes das cidades de Constitución (n=104), expostas diretamente ao terremoto e ao maremoto, e de Punta Arenas (n=136), expostas vicariamente. Pelas redes semânticas naturais (R.S.) construídas ad hoc, foi observado que terremoto e tsunami têm significados semelhantes, relacionadas a medo, morte, destruição, desespero, desastre, perda, angústia, tristeza, pena, dor e pânico. Além disso, aqueles que experimentaram diretamente o fenômeno tendem a usar mais palavras de cunho emocional para definir terremoto, do que aqueles que foram expostos a ele vicariamen.(AU)

The purpose of this research was to describe the meaning of "earthquake" and "tsunami" in two groups with different exposures to the Chilean natural disaster on February 27th, 2010. A non-probabilistic sample of two-hundred-forty subjects from Constitución (n=104) and Punta Arenas (n=136) was selected. The first group was directly exposed to the earthquake and tsunami and the second group was indirectly exposed. Natural semantic network analysis (SNA) evidenced that both groups have the same semantic representation of earthquake and tsunami, using emotional words such as fear, death, destruction, despair, disaster, loss, anxiety, sadness, pain and panic. Additionally, those who directly experienced the phenomenon use more emotional words to define earthquake than those exposed to it vicariously.(AU)

Red semántica de terremoto y maremoto en personas expuestas directa y vicariamente / Rede semântica de terremoto e tsunami em pessoas expostas diretamente e vicariamente / Semantic networks of earthquake and tsunami in people exposed directly and vicariously

Se busca identificar el significado de los conceptos 'terremoto' y 'maremoto' en dos grupos diferentemente expuestos al evento acaecido en Chile el 27/02/2010, en una muestra no probabilística intencional, compuesta por 240 personas provenientes de las ciudades de Constitución (n=104) - expuestas directamente al terremoto y maremoto -, y de Punta Arenas (n=136) expuestas vicariamente. Mediante redes semánticas naturales (R.S.) construidas ad-hoc, fue observado que terremoto y tsunami tienen significados semejantes, relacionados al miedo, muerte, destrucción, desesperación, desastre, pérdida, angustia, tristeza, pena, dolor y pánico. Adicionalmente, aquellos que vivieron directamente el fenómeno utilizan más definidoras de tipo emocional al definir terremoto que aquellos que fueron expuestos a él de modo vicario.

Procurou-se identificar o significado dos conceitos 'terremoto' e 'tsunami' em dois grupos diferentemente expostos ao evento acontecido no Chile em 27/02/2010, em uma amostra não-probabilística intencional, composta por 240 pessoas provenientes das cidades de Constitución (n=104), expostas diretamente ao terremoto e ao maremoto, e de Punta Arenas (n=136), expostas vicariamente. Pelas redes semânticas naturais (R.S.) construídas ad hoc, foi observado que terremoto e tsunami têm significados semelhantes, relacionadas a medo, morte, destruição, desespero, desastre, perda, angústia, tristeza, pena, dor e pânico. Além disso, aqueles que experimentaram diretamente o fenômeno tendem a usar mais palavras de cunho emocional para definir terremoto, do que aqueles que foram expostos a ele vicariamen.

The purpose of this research was to describe the meaning of "earthquake" and "tsunami" in two groups with different exposures to the Chilean natural disaster on February 27th, 2010. A non-probabilistic sample of two-hundred-forty subjects from Constitución (n=104) and Punta Arenas (n=136) was selected. The first group was directly exposed to the earthquake and tsunami and the second group was indirectly exposed. Natural semantic network analysis (SNA) evidenced that both groups have the same semantic representation of earthquake and tsunami, using emotional words such as fear, death, destruction, despair, disaster, loss, anxiety, sadness, pain and panic. Additionally, those who directly experienced the phenomenon use more emotional words to define earthquake than those exposed to it vicariously.

Análisis psicométrico de las escalas Ryff (versión española) en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos / Psychometric Analysis of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (Spanish Version) in a Sample of Chilean Teenagers

El presente trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff (en su versión en español), en adolescentes chilenos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 335 adolescentes de la comuna de Talca, Chile, a quienes se aplicó la escala de bienestar psicológico en su versión de 39 ítems validada para población española. Se realizaron análisis de confiabilidad y de validez de constructo encontrándose que la confiabilidad de la escala general fue buena, aunque por dimensiones tomó valores entre aceptables y malos. En cuanto a la validez, el modelo propuesto por Ryff fue el que mostró el mejor ajuste teórico a los datos entre los modelos comparados, propiedades que mejoraron al reducir la escala siguiendo criterios estadísticos.

The present work examines the psychometric properties of the psychological well-being scale proposed by Ryff (Spanish version) in Chilean adolescents. The sample consisted of 335 adolescents from the city of Talca, Chile, who completed the scale of psychological well-being in its version of 39 items validated for Spanish population. Reliability and construct validity analysis was conducted, resulting in a good reliability value for the entire scale, although by dimensions it took values between acceptable and bad. Regarding construct validity, the model proposed by Ryff showed the best theoretical fit compared with alternatives. Both psychometric properties were improved by reducing the amount of items in the scale according to statistical criteria.

Creencias y conductas ambientales, liberalismo económico y felicidad / Environmental beliefs and behavior, economic liberalism and happiness / Crenças e condutas ambientais, liberalismo econômico e felicidade

Se identifican y analizan las creencias ambientales agrupadas bajo los términos 'nuevo paradigma ambiental’ (NPE, Dunlap, Van Liere, Merting& Jones, 2000) respecto de la conducta ambiental, el liberalismo económico, la religiosidad y la felicidad en la población joven -urbana y rural- de una región del valle central de Chile. Una muestra de 409 participantes de 33 años de edad promedio respondió una batería de instrumentos constituida por el NEP-R que mide creencias acerca de la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza por medio de dos dimensiones: antropocentrismo y ecocentrismo; la Escala de Conducta Ecológica (ECE); la Escala de Liberalismo Económico (ELE), y la de Felicidad Subjetiva (EFS). La procedencia urbana o rural no tiene efectos sobre ninguna de las variables evaluadas. Las creencias generales a favor del medio ambiente están relacionadas positivamente con la conducta ecológica (o pro-ambiental) y la felicidad subjetiva, no así con el liberalismo económico (rs(409) ≥0,138; ps≤ 0,041). Este último está correlacionado sólo con los aspectos de las creencias asociados al pensamiento anti-antropocéntrico (r(409)= 0,192; p= 0,004) de modo que quienes tienen un pensamiento económicamente más liberal no creen en la supremacía del hombre sobre la naturaleza. Quienes se adscriben a alguna religión tienen más creencias ecocéntricas que quienes no, sin observarse diferencias etarias ni sexuales para otras variables. Se plantean preguntas e implicaciones y se debate acerca de éstos y otros resultados.

We identified and analyzed environmental beliefs grouped under the terms 'new environmental paradigm’ (NEP, Dunlap, Van Liere, Mertingen and Jones, 2000) about the environmental behavior, economic liberalism, religiosity and happiness in young people from a central valley region of Chile. A sample of 409 participants, with average of 33 years answered a battery of instruments consisting of the NEP-R which measures beliefs about the relationship between man and nature by two-dimensional-centrism and anthropocentrism, Ecological Behavior Scale (EBS), Economic Liberalism Scale (ELS) and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). The rural or urban origin has no effect on any variables measured. The general beliefs in favor of the environment are positively related to ecological behavior (pro-environmental behavior) and subjective happiness, but not with economic liberalism (rs(409) ≥ 0.138, ps ≤ 0.041). The economic liberalism is correlated only with the beliefs about the anti-anthropocentric thinking (r(409) = 0.192, p = 0.004) so that those who are most economically liberal do not believe in the supremacy of man over nature. Those who subscribe to any religion have more ecocentric beliefs than who do not have, without sex or age differences were observed for other variables. Questions are raised and debate about these and other results.

Identificam-se e analisam-se as crenças ambientais agrupadas sob os termos 'novo paradigma ambiental’ (NPE, Dunlap, Van Liere, Merting& Jones, 2000) sobre a conduta ambiental, o liberalismo econômico, a religiosidade e a felicidade na população jovem -urbana e rural- de uma região do vale central do Chile. Uma mostra de 409 participantes de 33 anos de idade média respondeu uma bateria de instrumentos constituída pelo NEP-R que mede crenças sobre a relação entre o homem e a natureza por meio de duas dimensões: antropocentrismo e ecocentrismo; a Escala de Conduta Ecológica (ECE); a Escala de Liberalismo Econômico (ELE), e a de Felicidade Subjetiva (EFS). A procedência urbana ou rural não tem efeitos sobre nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. As crenças gerais a favor do medioambiente estão relacionadas positivamente com a conduta ecológica (ou pró-ambiental) e a felicidade subjetiva, não assim com o liberalismo econômico (rs(409) ≥0,138; ps≤ 0,041). Este último está correlacionado só com os aspectos das crenças associados ao pensamento anti-antropocêntrico (r(409)= 0,192; p= 0,004) de modo que quem tem um pensamento economicamente mais liberal não acreditam na supremacia do homem sobre a natureza. As pessoas que estão vinculadas a alguma religião tem mais crenças ecocéntricas que os que não, sem observarem-se diferenças etárias nem sexuais para outras variáveis. São propostas perguntas e implicações e se debate sobre estes e outros resultados.

Patrón de comportamiento tipo A, ira y enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en población urbana chilena / Type A Behavior Pattern, Anger and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chilean Urban Population

Un aumento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) mundialmente, la existencia de un porcentaje más alto que el promedio nacional de éstas para la región de Maule (Chile), y una atención incrementada en el análisis de factores psicológicos, motivan el análisis del Patrón de Comportamiento Tipo A (PCTA) y la ira respecto de las ECV. Se trabajó con 1007 participantes de 18 a 74 años (ciudadanos de Talca, Chile), mayoritariamente mujeres, quienes respondieron un cuestionario (información socio demográfica, hábitos alimentarios y de estilo de vida), la Escala Retiro de Patrón de Conducta tipo A (ERCTAa), y el Inventario de Ira de Novaco. Se les midió peso, masa corporal, presión arterial y sangre, como factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los participantes son altamente sedentarios (79.9%), tabáquicos (53.6%), hipercolesterolémicos (44.5%), con sobrepeso (40.7%) y obesidad (32.6%), un cuarto de los cuales presenta hiperglicemia e hipertensión y con PCTA equirepartido según sexo. Es la ausencia de PCTA (ó presencia de PCTB) la que aparece asociada a factores tradicionales de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). La ira alta se presenta más en mujeres que en hombres (2.1% vs. 0.3%; c²(3) = 27.99, p<.0001), disminuyendo para ambos sexos con la edad, pero los infartos acaecen igualmente según sexo.

A worldwide raise in the number of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the existence of a higher percentage in Maule (Chile) than the national media, and increased attention in the analysis of psychological factors motivate to analyze the Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) and anger in relation to CVD. The sample was 1007 adults between 18 and 74 years old (citizens of Talca, Chile), mostly women. They provided information about their demographic details, eating habits and lifestyle, answered the Novaco's Anger Inventory and the Retiro Scale of Type A Behavior (RSTAB), and also were taken measurements like weight, body mass index and blood pressure and blood tests related to risk factors to traditional cardiovascular diseases. The results show Overall, that the participants appear highly sedentary (79.9%) with relatively high levels of tabaquism (53.6%), and hypercholesterolemia (44.5%), overweight (40.7%) and obesity (32.6%). A quarter of the sample also presents hyperglycemic indexes, hypertension and TABP unequally distributed by sex. The absence of PCTA (or PCTB presence) appeared mostly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). Regarding anger, women present more high than men (2.1% against 0.3%; c²(3) = 27.99, p<.0001), decreasing for both sexes with age, while also befall stroke by sex.